Our March Meeting:

I would like to extend our thanks to Miguel Duarte of Fabric Duct Industry for presenting on the topic of fabric ducting.

Our Next Meeting, April 12 – “Student Tour”:

Our next chapter dinner meeting will be Thursday, April 12 starting at 5:30 p.m. with a buffet dinner and continuing with a mechanical and architectural tour of the historic Old Administration Building at Fresno City College.  You can park FREE in the north lots “A” and “C” off of Van Ness, north of McKinley.  Big thanks to Jim Orr, our Chapter Technology Transfer Chairperson, for organizing the tour.  It will be an informative and interesting evening!

Please try to register before April 9 to catch the early bird special!

Membership Social Mixer – Thursday, April 26:

In an effort to encourage our Young Engineers in ASHRAE (“YEA”) members, new people to become members and current members to become more active in our chapter, we are sponsoring a “Membership Social Mixer” on Thursday, April 26 at Swiggs Sports Bar on Shaw Avenue in Fresno at 6:00 p.m.  Please encourage people you know that are in our industry that are not active in ASHRAE to come to this event and meet some our chapter members.  To help get the mixer going, the chapter will be providing appetizers.

A big thank you to Allyn Troisi our Membership Chairperson and Justin Westmoreland our YEA Chairperson for organizing this event.

Our May Dinner Meeting – Past Presidents:

Our May dinner meeting will be on May 3 to honor our chapter’s past presidents.  We will have a social hopur (no host bar) at 5:30 p.m., followed by dinner at 6:30 and our chapter meeting.

June Social – Friday, June 8- Mark Your Calendar!

Mike Schwan has graciously agreed to host our annual June Social again this year at his home.  This will be an event for the whole family and children are welcome.  More details will be available shortly.

Science, Math and Engineering Fair Winners:

Congratulations to Trent Jolly and Gabriel Guerra for winning our chapter’s special award at the recent Central California Regional Science, Math and Engineering Fair.  Each received a $125 check from our chapter.  Thank you to Gary Lindeman for judging the projects and for the selecting the winners.  Also, thank you to Sean Skiles for presenting the checks.

Golf Anyone? Mark Your Calendar – Save the Date, September 21:

Mark your calendar for September 21, 2012 for our chapter’s annual golf tournament and fund raiser.  The tournament will again be at River Bend Golf Course in Madera.  We are looking for sponsors as well as players. 

A big thank you to Gary Lindeman and Clint Petty for offering to organize this year’s tournament.

GIRLS Summer Engineering Experience (GIRLS SEE) 2012:

The GIRLS Summer Engineering Experience 2012 is seeking sponsors and female high school students, grades 10 through 12 to participate in the 2012 summer camp at the Lyles College of Engineering at California State University, Fresno.  If you are interested in supporting this great program or know of a high school girl that would like to participate in the camp, please see our chapter’s web site for more details.

Your Comments Always Welcome and Wanted:

Please feel free to contact me with your comments, concerns or feedback at (559) 313-9118 or at keith.harris@johnstonesupply.com or through our chapter’s web site at president@sjvashrae.com.

See you on April 12!

KEH

"Student Tour" Chapter Dinner Meeting, April 12, 2012 "Student Tour" Chapter Dinner Meeting April 12, 2012 5:30 PM - 8:00 PM Fresno City College Historic Old Admin Building 1101 East University Ave Fresno, CA 93741 http://www.fresnocitycollege.edu $30.00 Member "Student Tour" Chapter Dinner Meeting $25.00 Earlybird rate before April 9   $35.00 Guest "Student Tour" Chapter Dinner Meeting $30.00 Earlybird rate before April 9   $10.00 Student "Student Tour" Chapter Dinner Meeting

Roy Cody

SJVC ASHRAE President 1960 to 1961 

The 6th Chapter President, Roy Cody, was born December 3, 1918 in the LettermanHospitalat the Presidio in San Francisco.  Roy’s father was a First Sergeant in the 63^rd Infantry. Roy has one brother, William, 7 years younger who was a plumber for Frank Hudson.  He lives inFresno. 

When Roywas 7 years old, the family moved to Oakland where his Dad patented a cold tire patch “Cody’s Vulco Pack”.  In 1931, when Roywas 13, the family moved to Fresno.  A 2-story home on Belmont between 3^rd and 4^th streets. Roy graduated from RooseveltHigh School in 1938.  After graduation, Roy landed a job with Hendi Iron Works in Long Beach doing tool and dye work for the San Francisco Mint.  His hourly wage was $10.10/hour! 

On July 12, 1941 in Carson City, Nevada, Roymarried Mary Popovich, sister of John Popovich, partner in the company of Healey & Popovich. 

Many Long Beachresidents joined the Navy, so Roy joined as well and after obtaining a perfect test score, moved from a fireman grade to machinist.  One of his assignments was to run the machine shop on the USS Hope.  The ship was in seven major engagements and received four Bronze Stars. 

After the war,Roymoved back to Fresnoand helped his father repair refrigerators. Roy serviced supermarket refrigeration systems and many refrigerators.  He gained a lot of experience with refrigerant. 

While working with Thermal Products Company,Roymet Nat Leas and in 1945 he joined Conditioned Air. Royworked on many refrigeration systems with his helper John Garinger.  Other coworkers at Conditioned Air over the 39 years (1945 to 1985)  Roy worked with at Conditioned Air included John Rowden, Don Lawrence, Jim Van Camp and Eldon Franks, to name a few. 

A service call to the Fox Theater in Shafter,Californiarequired a 7:00 am start to 2:00 pm the next day, a 27 hour effort to meet a performance deadline.  Fox West Coast Theater officials were so impressed they retained Roy Cody and Conditioned Air to service all of the West Coast Fox Theaters.  During the 39 years Roy worked at Conditioned Air he only missed 3 days of work.  His diligent efforts provided Mary and him many reward trips. 

In 1985, at the age of 67, he went to work for Tom Olson who had bought aMayfairmoving franchise. Royhelped with accounting and human resource tasks.  The work allowed a variation from the Conditioned Air days.  John worked there for 17 years and retired in 2002 at the age of 85.

Roy attended Cal Poly only for a short time in 1946.  His refrigeration teacher was Norm Sharp, who had a real burden for students to learn compressor design. Roydid not see a future in compressor design so quit school and returned to Fresno. 

Roy and Mary adopted three children, one girl and two boys.  They have three grandchildren.  Today Roy and his oldest son take care of 95 year old Mary at their Fresno home. 

At 93 years old, Roy is still very active.  He has lunch with Jim Graham, electrical engineer, every week.  A couple months ago,Roy bought a 2002 Jaguar convertible to get him around town. 

Royremains an extraordinary person and we are proud to have him as a past SJVC ASHRAE President and member of the HVAC&R industry. 

Information gathered and written by Gilbert Nye, P.E., FASHRAE-SJVC ASHRAE Historian.

Proposed Changes Related to Combustion Safety, Infiltration to ASHRAE Residential IAQ Standard

ATLANTA - Public comment is being sought on proposed changes to ASHRAE's residential indoor air quality standard regarding combustion safety in existing homes and default infiltration in new construction.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings, is the only nationally recognized indoor air quality standard developed solely for residences.  It defines the roles of and minimum requirements for mechanical and natural ventilation systems and the building envelope intended to provide acceptable indoor air quality in low-rise residential buildings.

Five proposed addenda to Standard 62.2-2010 currently are open for public review. For more information, visit www.ashrae.org/publicreviews.

Proposed addendum p applies primarily to existing homes. The standard as written addresses combustion safety mainly in a prescriptive manner, with the assumptions that went into determining the requirements based on typical construction for new homes.  Given the characteristics in older homes, especially leakage levels, following these requirements precisely often could have resulted in requiring replacement of equipment that in practice works fine. 

"As such, addendum p is a big deal for the existing home market because it provides a performance path for combustion safety, thereby making the standard much easier to adopt in its entirety in that sector," Paul Francisco, vice chair of the Standard 62.2 committee, said. "The proposed change in the language prevents the standard from being perceived as requiring full updating to code in order to comply, including possible replacement of all combustion appliances."

Also open for public comment is addendum r, which has a larger impact on new construction. Historically, Standard 62.2 has allowed all homes to have a default infiltration credit that can be taken without any knowledge about how leaky the house really is, according to Francisco.  Especially as houses have gotten tighter, the assumed infiltration may be substantially higher than actually exists in many homes, according to Francisco.

"This addendum removes the default credit, and allows infiltration to be credited only if infiltration is measured," he said. "This has the effect in new construction of requiring sufficient mechanical ventilation to provide the entire intended air exchange, thereby ensuring that the intended overall rates are achieved, or that a test is done to measure infiltration.  Without that test, the installed mechanical ventilation will increase.  With the test there will be little change in installed mechanical ventilation rates."

Addenda p and r are open for public review from March 23 until May 7. 

Three additional addenda are open for public review from March 23 until April 22. For more information, visit www.ashrae.org/publicreviews. They are:

.     Addendum a would remove Method A of ASTM E1554 as an option for the duct tightness testing in the newly proposed Section A4.1.

.     Addendum o clarifies that a system must be operated in order to achieve the stated purpose of the standard to define minimum requirements for acceptable indoor air quality. Currently the standard is being interpreted by some to say that a system could be installed and turned off and still be in compliance.

.     Addendum q - Historically, local exhaust fans have been permitted to serve the dual function of providing whole-house ventilation and local exhaust. When serving as dual-duty fans, the whole-house rate and the local exhaust rate have not been required to be additive. This proposed change is needed to clarify that the whole building ventilation rate can be credited towards the local exhaust rate, and that the rates are not required to be additive, according to Francisco.

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow's built environment today.

Standard 189.1 Deemed Compliance Option for IGCC; ICC Announces Availability of New Green Code

ATLANTA - The building industry now has greater flexibility in the design of high performance buildings through a change impacting application of the green building standard from ASHRAE, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) included in the International Green Construction Code (IgCC).

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011, Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, provides a green building foundation for those who strive to design, build and operate high performance buildings. It covers key topic areas of site sustainability, water-use efficiency, energy ef¬ficiency, indoor environmental quality and the building's impact on the atmosphere, materials and resources. 

Standard 189.1 now serves as a compliance option with the newly published IgCC, developed by the International Code Council (ICC) and endorsed by cooperating sponsors ASTM International and the American Institute of Architects.  The change allows permit applicants - rather than the authorities having jurisdiction - the option to use Standard 189.1 as the path of compliance. In earlier versions of the IgCC, Standard 189.1 was deemed a "jurisdictional compliance option," meaning code jurisdictions had to choose between the provisions of Standard 189.1 and the IgCC in determining which compliance path to take.

"ASHRAE is pleased to see this change take place, allowing building designers, owners and contractors to choose to design to Standard 189.1, instead of the choice being made solely by the jurisdiction setting the code," Ron Jarnagin, ASHRAE president, said. "With today's release of the 2012 IgCC, jurisdictions now have a viable green code at their disposal. Standard 189.1 stands on equal footing within the IgCC to provide a more complete set of options for governments and project teams alike."

"IES also fully supports the change that removes the restriction," Rita Harrold, director of technology, said. "The resulting freedom of choice will benefit all segments of the construction industry involved in developing design criteria for high performance buildings."  

The 2012 IgCC serves as a new model code for constructing and remodeling residential and commercial structures and is expected to increase sustainability, cost savings and job growth while providing direction for safe and sustainable building design and construction, according to the International Code Council.

"The IgCC adds to the strong foundation of guidance to move the industry forward in regards to high performance buildings," Jarnagin said. "The document brings together the code expertise of ICC with technical expertise of ASHRAE to create a comprehensive green building code to improve overall performance of buildings, including reduction of energy consumption."

"Today, the Code Council and its cooperating sponsors announce a new green construction code that will make a contribution toward healthier, lower impact and more sustainable building practices," Richard P. Weiland, CEO of the ICC, said.  "The International Green Construction Code published today was developed during the last three years with input from code and construction industry professionals, environmental organizations, policy makers and the public. Our community was diligent in developing a code that is not only adoptable, usable and enforceable, but also flexible and adaptable. We expect this new model code, like the family of other ICC Codes, to be adopted across the country and used globally."

Early versions of the IgCC released during the development of the code already have been put into use by states and jurisdictions demonstrating the need and demand for safe and sustainable construction.

The IgCC was developed at public hearings with input from experts in code development and enforcement, architecture, engineering, building science, environmental advocacy, government, business, academia and the public.

The IgCC is the first model code to include sustainability measures for an entire construction project and its site - from design, through construction, certificate of occupancy and beyond. It establishes minimum green requirements for buildings and complements voluntary rating systems.  The IgCC offers flexibility to jurisdictions which adopt the code by establishing several levels of compliance, starting with the core provisions of the code, and then offering "jurisdictional requirement" options that can be customized to fit the needs of a local community.  A jurisdiction can also require higher performance through the use of "project electives" provisions.

The code acts as an overlay to the existing set of International Codes, including provisions of the International Energy Conservation Code and ICC-700, the National Green Building Standard, and incorporates ASHRAE Standard 189.1 as an alternate path to compliance. The IgCC provides model code language that establishes a baseline for new and existing buildings related to energy conservation, water efficiency, site impacts, building waste, material resource efficiency and other sustainability measures. The IgCC will be updated alongside the other model codes developed through the Code Council's open, transparent and consensus-based code development process.

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow's built environment today.

Public Input Sought on Alternative to ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure Proposed

ATLANTA - A proposed change to the ventilation rate procedure in ASHRAE's indoor air quality standard is open for review after changes were made based on public input last year.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, sets minimum ventilation rates and other requirements for commercial and institutional buildings.

The ventilation rate procedure provides a prescriptive method for determining minimum ventilation requirements. It accounts for pollutant sources from both the building and its occupants, and allows the designer to account for the efficiency of different ventilation systems when delivering outdoor air to the breathing zone.

Proposed addendum f was first released for public comment in September 2011 after some users of Standard 62.1 indicated the ventilation rate procedure was "too complicated," according to Standard 62.1 chair Roger Hedrick. He said the 62.1 committee agreed that application of the multiple-zone recirculating system equations described in Section 6.2.5 and Appendix A can be complex.

"When designing multiple zone recirculating ventilation systems, Table 6-3 provides a default value of Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) based on the largest value of the zone primary (Zp) outdoor air fraction, for all the zones served by the system," he said. "However, if Max (Zp) exceeds 0.55, then Appendix A must be used to design the system outdoor airflow.  Addendum f attempts to simplify the design process by providing a simplified default approach for cases with Max (Zp) greater than 0.55."

The earlier review draft set the default value of the zone primary outdoor air fraction based on a default minimum zone primary airflow set as 30 percent of the zone design primary airflow.

"The public review comments pointed out that this formulation did not work mathematically under certain conditions," Hedrick said. "This new public review version instead simply allows Ev to be set to 0.6, unless a higher value is provided by Table 6-3 or by using Appendix A.  Use of a relatively low value of Ev will result in higher outdoor airflow rates, but using the default will simplify the system design process."

Also open for review is addendum i, which would add limits for low humidity. Recent studies have shown that excessively low humidity may result in unacceptable indoor air quality. The Standard 62.1 committee is interested in the appropriateness of the relative humidity limit and the climate zones where the requirement applies.  The addendum is open for an advisory public review, meaning comments received allow for constructive input and need not be resolved or formally acted on by the project committee.

In addition to addenda f and i, three additional addenda are open for public review from March 23 until April 22. For more information, visit www.ashrae.org/publicreviews. They are:

.     Addendum h -Table 6-1, includes ventilation rates for "Sports arena (play area)" and "Gym, stadium (play area)." Both space types have ventilation rates based on floor area only, the per person rate is zero. Users of the standard have expressed interest in applying demand controlled ventilation to these space types, which is effectively prohibited by the lack of a per person component to the ventilation rate. This proposed addendum replaces both of these space types with "Gym, Sports Arena (play area)", with Rp = 20 cfm/person and Ra = 0.06 cfm/ft² and assigns this new space type with an air class of 2 rather than class 1 from the first publication public review version. 

.     Addendum k adds an exception to the recirculation limits on Class 4 exhaust airstreams from laboratory hoods which would allow use of heat wheel energy recovery in some cases.  The exception defines several criteria which the airstream must meet before such heat recovery can be used, and the heat recovery system must limit recirculation airflow to less than 0.5 percent of the outdoor air intake flow.

.     Addendum l adds a refrigerated warehouse space type to Table 6-1, providing revised ventilation rates for these spaces. These rates include a "People Outdoor Air Rate, Rp" which will require ventilation during periods of expected occupancy, but do not include an "Area Outdoor Air Rate, Ra" which will allow the ventilation rate to be zero for refrigerated warehouses with no occupants.

In addition, addendum j is open for public review from March 23 until May 7. The proposed addendum would add requirements to the Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP) for determining minimum ventilation rates which require consideration of the combined effects of multiple contaminants of concern on individual organ systems. This "additive" effect is already implicit in the Ventilation Rate Procedure. This proposed change is intended to improve the IAQP by requiring consideration of these additive effects that are well established in the literature for many organ systems, according to Hedrick.

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow's built environment today.

Operation and Maintenance Guideline from ASHRAE Now Available

ATLANTA – A newly published guideline from ASHRAE gives facility managers and building operating staff a strong foundation on which to improve performance of all buildings.

ASHRAE Guideline 32-2012, Sustainable, High Performance Operation and Maintenance, provides guidance on optimizing operation and maintenance of buildings to achieve the lowest economic and environmental life cycle cost without sacrificing safety or functionality.

“The guideline will assist those who operate and maintain buildings to achieve high performance: safe, productive indoor environments; low economic life cycle cost; low energy, water and resource use; and low impacts on the environment,” Michael Bobker, chair of the Guideline 32 committee. “The guideline applies to all buildings, not just new ones. We believe that all buildings can move toward sustainable high performance in their operations and maintenance.”

The guideline applies to the ongoing operational practices for buildings and systems with respect to energy efficiency, occupant comfort, indoor air quality, health and safety. These systems include the building envelope, HVAC&R, plumbing, complementary energy systems, and utilities and electrical systems.

“Modern air conditioning systems protect the health, comfort and productivity of building occupants,” ASHRAE Presidential Member Bill Harrison, whose presidential theme focused on the need for operation and maintenance, said. “Unfortunately, they consume a lot of energy while providing these benefits.  When these systems are not operated properly, the energy they use can increase by 50 percent or more.  ASHRAE Guideline 32 helps building owners and managers evaluate and eliminate the wasted energy caused by poor operating procedures.  The elimination of non-value producing energy helps protect our environment while saving the building owner money.  Guideline 32 provides a no regrets path to improving energy efficiency in our buildings.”   

The guideline contains recommendations for three levels of building oversight: senior managers, facility managers and technicians.  Checklists for tracking that appropriate steps are being taken to move toward high-performance operation and maintenance are included for each.

Among the items on the checklist are:
•    Technicians
o    Develop an HVAC system maintenance program using ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180, Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems
o    Maintain access and code required clearances to all HVAC and electrical equipment

•    Facility managers
o    Develop and implement protocols for good facility/system documentation
o    Establish performance baselines and targets. Institute a system for regular reporting and evaluation.

•    Senior managers
o    Assess buildings, workforce, practices, management tools and systems
o    Measure and report on building performance as part of regular business analytics

The cost of ASHRAE Guideline 32, Sustainable, High-Performance Operations and Maintenance, is $69 ($59, ASHRAE members).  To order, contact ASHRAE Customer Contact Center at 1-800-527-4723 (United States and Canada) or 404-636-8400 (worldwide), fax 404-321-5478, or visit www.ashrae.org/bookstore

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built environment today.

ATLANTA – While conventional HVAC systems mix fresh outdoor air with the return air in one unit, dedicated outdoor air systems use standard equipment to condition fresh air separately before it enters the building. This break from tradition is quickly becoming a proven tool for utilizing energy more efficiently, and can provide a cost savings to the consumer. 

Registration for ASHRAE’s upcoming webcast, “Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems – A Path to Balancing Energy and IEQ,” opens today, March 19. The webcast focuses on the departure from conventional HVAC systems and takes place April 19, 2012, from 1– 4 p.m. EDT.

“Based on growing popularity the chosen topic for the 2012 webcast is Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS),” Andy Cochrane, chair of the ASHRAE committee overseeing the Webcast, said. “This webcast will describe the role of DOAS in the overall HVAC system, and discuss various DOAS equipment configurations and applications.  From understanding DOAS system characteristics, to avoiding pitfalls and challenges unique to DOAS applications, the webcast is a must see for discerning owners and designers alike.”

The webcast presenters are Tim McGinn, P.E., principal, DIALOG; Stanley Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Professor Emeritus of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; and John Murphy, applications engineer, Trane.

Three Professional Development Hours (PDHs) or three AIA Learning Units (LUs) are available.

The live program will be archived online until May 3, 2012, for viewers who are unable to participate on April 19. Registration is required to view the archived program. A DVD of the webcast will also be available for purchase.

To register, or for more information, visit www.ashrae.org/doaswebcast or call 678-539-1200 or email ashrae-webcast@ashrae.org.

ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built environment today.

ASHRAE San Joaquin Chapter Leadership Team 2011-2012

APRIL

ISH China and CIHE, April 2?–?4, Beijing. Contact info@ishc-cihe.com or www.tinyurl.com/ishchina2012.

International Conference on Energy Research and Development, April 9 – 11, Kuwait. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact 965 24985475, info@icerd5.org, or www.icerd5.org.

China Refrigeration Expo, April 11?–?13, Beijing. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact crexpo@biec.com.cn or www.tinyurl.com/3us47qv.

IFMA Facility Fusion, April 11?–?13, Chicago. Contact 713-623-4362 or www.ifmafacilityfusion.org.

IARW-WFLO-IRTA Annual Convention and Expo, April 14–18, Tucson, Ariz. Contact organizers at 703-373-4300, email@iarw.org, or www.iarw.org.

Light+Building, April 15 – 20, Frankfurt, Germany. Contact www.tinyurl.com/Light-Building2012.

World Filtration Congress, April 16–20, Graz, Austria. Contact organizers at 43 1 587 42 49, fax 43 1 587 89 66, or www.goech.at.

SHK Moscow/ISH Moscow 2012, April 17?–?19, Moscow. Contact 49 0 211 4560 7707, frankent@messe-duesseldorf.de, or www.shk-moscow.com.

REHVA Annual Conference, April 17?–?20, Timisoara, Romania. Contact 32 2 5141171, info@rehva.eu, or www.rehva-am2012.ro.

CIBSE ASHRAE Technical Symposium, April 18?–?19, London. Contact cibse2012@ashrae.org.

Fan 2012, April 18?–?20, Senlis, France. Endorsed by ASHRAE. Contact www.fan2012.org.

Hannover Messe, April 23?–?27, Hannover, Germany. Contact 49 511 89 0, fax 49 511 89 32292, or www.hannovermesse.de/home.

NEBB Annual Conference, April 26?–?28, Anaheim, Calif. Contact the National Environmental Balancing Bureau at 301-977-3698, connie@nebb.org, or www.nebb.org.